Investigation of 1.3- m GaInNAs Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) Using Temperature, High-Pressure, and Modeling Techniques

We have investigated the temperature and pressure dependence of the threshold current ( th) of 1.3 m emitting GaInNAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and the equivalent edge-emitting laser (EEL) devices employing the same active region. Our measurements show that the VCSEL devices have the peak of the gain spectrum on the high-energy side of the cavity mode energy and hence operate over a wide temperature range. They show particularly promising th temperature insensitivity in the 250–350 K range. We have then used a theoretical model based on a 10-band k.P Hamiltonian and experimentally determined recombination coefficients from EELs to calculate the pressure and temperature dependency of th. The results show good agreement between the model and the experimental data, supporting both the validity of the model and the recombination rate parameters. We also show that for both device types, the super-exponential temperature dependency of th at 350 K and above is due largely to Auger recombination.